The+Neo+Skinnerian+Model

** Skinner ****’s Key Ideas ** ** 7. Systematic use of reinforcement (rewards) can shape individual ****= s behavior in desired directions. **
 * __ THE NEO-SKINNERIAN MODEL __ **
 * Shaping Desired Behavior **
 * This model is called Neo-Skinnerian to indicate that it is made up of newer applications of Skinner ****= s basic ideas. Skinner himself never proposed a model of school discipline. **
 * 1. Behavior is shaped by its consequences, by what happens to the individual after performing the act. **
 * 2. Behavior is strengthened if followed immediately by reinforces. Technically, a reinforcer is a stimulus that increases the likelihood that the individual will repeat the act. We commonly think of reinforces as rewards. **
 * 3. Strengthened behaviors are those that have become more likely to be repeated. **
 * 4. Behavior is weakened if it is not followed by reinforcement. **
 * 5. Weakened behaviors are those that become less likely than before to be repeated. **
 * 6. Behavior is also weakened if followed by punishment. Punishment is //not// the same thing as negative reinforcement. **
 * 8. In the early stages of learning, constant reinforcement produces the best results. Constant means that the behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. **
 * 9. Once learning has reached the desired level, it is best maintained through intermittent reinforcement, reinforcement that is provided only occasionally, on an unpredictable schedule. **
 * 10. When applied to classroom learning and discipline, this process of behavior shaping through reinforcement is called behavior modification. **
 * 11. Behavior modification is one of the most powerful tools available to teachers for strengthening desired classroom learning and behavior. **
 * 12. Behavior modification is applied in these two ways: **
 * a. The teacher observes the student perform an desired act; the teacher rewards the student; the student tends to repeat the act. **
 * b. The teacher observes the student perform an undesired act; the teacher either ignores the act or punishes the student, then praises a student who is behaving correctly; the misbehaving student becomes less likely than before to repeat the act. **
 * 13. Behavior modification successfully uses various kinds of reinforces. They include social reinforces, such as verbal comments, facial expressions, and gestures; graphic reinforces, such as marks and stars; activity reinforces, such as free time, free reading, and collaborating with a friend; and tangible reinforces, such as food, prizes, and printed awards. **


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